JEE Exam Preparation Course in Ahmedabad

1. SETS, Relations, and Functions

• Power Set
• Union, Intersection and Complement of sets
• Algebra Properties of Sets
• Into and Onto Functions
• The Composition of Functions

2. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

• Representation of Complex Numbers
• Argand Diagram
• Algebra of Complex Numbers, Modulus
• Argument of Complex Numbers
• Square Root of a Complex Numbers
• Triangle Inequality
• Quadratic Equations
• Formation of Quadratic Equations with given roots

3. Matrices and Determinants

• Algebra of Matrices
• Type of Matrices
• Determinants
• Matrices of Order two and three 
• Properties of determinants
• Evaluation of determinants
• Area of Triangle using determinants
• Adjoint
• Evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformation
• Simultaneous Linear Equations

4. Permutations and Combinations

• Fundamental principle of counting
• Permutation as an arrangement and combination as section
• Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r)
• Simple Applications

5. Mathematical Inductions

• Principle of Mathematical Induction
• Simple Applications

6. Binomial Theorem and Its Simple Applications

• Binomial theorem for a positive integral index
• General Term and Middle Term
• Properties of Binomial Coefficients
• Simple Applications

7. Sequence and Series

• Arithmetic and Geometric Progressions
• Insertion of Arithmetic and Geometric means between two numbers
• Relation between A.M and G.M sum up to n terms
• Arithmetico-Geometric Progression

8. Limit, Continuity, and Differentiability

• Real-Valued Functions
• Algebra of Functions
• Polynomials
• Rational Trigonometric
• Logarithmic
• Exponential and Inverse Functions
• Graphs of Simple Functions
• Limits, Continuity, and Differentiability
• Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and Quotient of two functions
• Differentiation of Trigonometric, Inverse Trigonometric, Logarithmic, exponential, Composite and Implicit Functions
• Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems
• Application of Derivatives
• Increasing and Decreasing Functions
• Maxima and Minima of Functions of one variable,tangents, and Normal

9. Integral Calculus

• Integral as an antiderivative 
• Fundamental Integrals involving algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponential, and Logarithmic Functions
• Integration by Substitution by part and by partial functions
• Integration using Trigonometric identities
• Integral as limit of a sum
• The Fundamental theorem of Calculus
• Properties of Definite Integrals
• Determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form

10. Differential Equations

• Ordinary Differential Equations
• Differential Equation order and degree
• The Formation of Differential Equations
• Solution of differential Equation by the method of separation of variables
• Solution of a homogeneous and linear differential equation of the type

11. Coordinate Geometry

• Cartesian system of Rectangular Coordinates in a plane
• Distance Formula
• Sections Formula
• Locus and its Equation
• Translation of Axes
• The Slope of a line
• Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
• Intercepts of a line on the coordinate axis

Straight Line

• Various forms of Equations of a line
• Intersection of lines
• Angles between two Lines
• Conditions for concurrence of three lines
• The distance of a point from a line equations of internal and external by sectors of angles between two lines coordinate of the centroid
• Orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle equation of the family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines

Circle, Conic Sections

• A standard form of equations of a circle the general form of the equation of a circle
• Radius and central equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given points of intersection of a line and a circle with the center at the origin and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle equation of the tangent
• Sections of conics
• Equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for Y = mx +c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency

12: Three Dimensional Geometry

• Coordinates of a point in space
• The distance between two points
• Section formula, directions ratios, and direction cosines
• The angle between two intersecting lines
• Skew lines
• The shortest distance between them
• Equations of a line and a plane in different forms
• The intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines

13: Vector Algebra

• Vectors and scalars
• The addition of vectors
• Components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional space
• Scalar and vector products
• Scalar and vector triple product

14: Statistics and Probability

• Measures of discretion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data calculation of standard deviation
• Variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data

Probability

• Probability of an event
• Addition and multiplication theorems of probability
• Bayes theorem
• Probability distribution of a random variate
• Bernoulli trials
• Binomial distribution

15: Trigonometry

• Trigonometric identities and equations
• Trigonometric functions
• Inverse trigonometric functions their properties, heights, and distance

16: Mathematical Reasoning

• Statement logical operations or, implies, implied by, if and only if, understanding of tautology
• Contradiction, converse, and contrapositive

1. Physics and Measurements

• Physics, technology, and society
• S I Units
• Fundamental and derived units
• Least count
• Accuracy and precision of measuring instruments
• Errors in measurement
• Dimensions of Physics quantities
• Dimensional analysis and its analysis

2. Kinematics

• The frame of reference
• Motion in a straight line
• Position- time graph
• Speed and velocity
• Uniform and non-uniform motion
• Average speed and instantaneous velocity
• Uniformly accelerated motion
• Velocity-time
• Position-time graph relations for uniformly accelerated motion
• Scalars and Vectors
• Addition and subtraction
• Zero vector
• Scalar and vector Products
• Unit Vector
• Resolution of a Vector
• Relative Velocity
• Motion in a plane
• Projectile Motion
• Uniform Circular Motion

3. Laws of Motion

• Force and inertia
• Newton’s First law of motion
• Momentum
• Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• Impulses
• Newton’s Third Law of motion
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces
• Static and Kinetic friction
• Laws of friction
• Rolling friction
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications

4. Work, Energy and Power

• Work done by a content force and a variable force
• Kinetic and potential energies
• Work-energy theorem
• Power
• The potential energy of spring 
• Conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and neoconservative forces

5. Rotational Motion

• Centre of the mass of a two-particle system
• Centre of the mass of a rigid body
• Basic concepts of rotational motion
• A moment of a force: torque, angular 
• Momentum
• Conservation of angular momentum and its applications: the moment of inertia the radius of gyration
• Values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects
• Parallel and perpendicular axis theorems
• Rigid body rotation equations of rotational motion

6. Gravitation

• The universal law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
• Kepler’s law of planetary motion
• Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential
• Escape velocity
• Orbital velocity of a Satellite
• Geostationary satellites

7. Properties of Solids and Liquids

• Elastic behavior, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law
• Young's modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity
• Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications
• Viscosity Stokes' law terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow
• Reynolds number
• Bernoulli's principle and its applications
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise
• Heat, temperature, thermal expansion
• Specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state,latent heat
• Heat transfer-conduction, convection,and radiation
• Newton's law of cooling

8. Thermodynamics

• Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature,heat, work, and internal energy
• The first law of thermodynamics
• The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes
• Carnot engine and its efficiency

9. Kinetic Theory of Gases

• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gasses -assumptions, the concept of pressure
• Kinetic energy and temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of freedom
• Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat capacities of gasses
• Mean free path
• Avogadro's number

10. Oscillations and Waves

• Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
• Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M 
• Kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period: Free, forced and damped oscillations
• Resonance
• Wave motion
• Longitudinal and transverse waves,speed of a wave
• Displacement relation for a progressive wave
• Principle of superposition of waves, a reflection of waves
• Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics
• Beats doppler effect in sound

11. Electrostatics

• Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
• Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
• Electric flux. 
• Gauss's law and its applications to find fields due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell
• Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators
• Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
• Energy stored in a capacitor

12. Current Electricity

 Electric current

• Drift velocity, Ohm's law
• Electrical resistance
• Resistances of different materials
• V-l characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
• Electrical energy and power. Electrical resistivity
• Color code for resistors
• Series and parallel combinations of resistors
• Temperature dependence of resistance
• Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel
• Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications
• Wheatstone bridge
• Metre Bridge
• Potentiometer - principle and its applications

13. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

BIOT

• Savart law and its application to current carrying a circular loop
• Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
• Cyclotron
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
• The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere
• Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field
• Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
• Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements 
• Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances. Magnetic susceptibility and permeability
• Hysteresis
• Electromagnets and permanent magnets

14. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

• Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law
• Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents
• Self and mutual inductance
• Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage
• LCR series circuit 
• Resonance
• Quality factor
• Power in AC circuits
• Wattless current
• AC generator and transformer

15. Electromagnetic Waves

• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves,Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays)
• Applications of e.m. waves

16. Optics

• Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula
• Total internal reflection and its applications
• Deviation and Dispersion of light by a; prism; Lens Formula
• Magnification 
• Power of a Lens
• Combination of thin lenses in contact
• Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers
• Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle
• Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light
• Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
• Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarization, plane,polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane,polarized light and Polaroid.

17. Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Dual nature of radiation
• Photoelectric effect
• Hertz and Lenard's observations
• Einstein's photoelectric equation: particle nature of light
• Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation
• Davisson,Germer experiment

18. Atoms and Nuclei

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment
• Rutherford's model of atom
• Bohr model
• Energy levels,
• Hydrogen spectrum
• Composition and size of nucleus
• Atomic masses
• Isotopes
• Isobars
• Radioactivity￾alpha
• Beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties
• Radioactive decay law
• Mass-energy relation
• Mass defect
• Binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
• Nuclear fission and fusion

19. Electronic Devices

• Semiconductors
• Semiconductor diode
• 1-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias
• Diode as a rectifier
• I-V characteristics of LED
• The photodiode
• Solar cell and Zener diode
• Zener diode as a voltage regulator
• Junction transistor
• Transistor action
• Characteristics of a transistor
• Transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator
• Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR)
• Transistor as a switch

20. Communication Systems

• Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere
• Sky and space wave propagation
• Need for modulation
• Amplitude and Frequency Modulation
• Bandwidth of signals
• The bandwidth of Transmission medium
• Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only)

21. Experimental Skills

Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:

• Vernier calipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel
• Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire
• Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time
• Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments
• Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire
• Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents
• Coefficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body
• Plotting a cooling curve for the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time
•  Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube
• Specific heat capacity of a given 
• (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures
• The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a meter bridge
• The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law
• Potentiometer: i. Comparison of emf of two primary cells and ii. Determination of internal resistance of a cell
• Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method
• The focal length of: (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror, and (ii) Convex lens, using the parallax method
• The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism
• Refractive index of a glass slab using a traveling microscope
• Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias
• Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage
• Characteristic curves of a transistor and finding current gain and voltage gain
• Identification of Diode. LED, Transistor. IC. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items
• Using a multimeter to: (i) Identify the base of a transistor (ii) Distinguish between NPN and PNP type transistor (iii) See the unidirectional current in case of a diode and an LED (iv) Check the correctness or otherwise of a given electronic component (diode, transistor, or IC)

1:1 Physical Chemistry

1. Some basic concepts in chemistry

• Matter and its nature
• Dalton's atomic theory
• Concept of atom, molecule, element, and compound
• Physical quantities and their measurements in Chemistry, precision, and accuracy, significant figures
• S.I.Units
• Laws of chemical combination
• Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass
• percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae
•  Chemical equations and stoichiometry

2. States of matter

Classification of matter into solid, liquid, and gaseous states

Gaseous State

• Measurable properties of gasses
• Gas laws 
• Boyle's 
• Law, Charle’s law & Graham's law of diffusion
• Avogadro's law, Dalton's law of partial pressure
• Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation; Kinetic theory of gasses (only postulates)
• Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities
• Real gasses, deviation from Ideal behavior, compressibility factor, and van der 
• Waals equation

Liquid State

• Properties of liquids - vapor pressure, viscosity and surface tension, and effect of temperature on them (qualitative treatment only)

Solid State

• Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent 
• and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea)
• Bragg's Law and its applications
• Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices), voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, an imperfection in Solids
• Electrical and magnetic properties

3. Atomic Structure

• Thomson and Rutherford atomic models and their limitations
• Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom
• Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; 
• Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features
• Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions
• Variation of  and 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum,and magnetic quantum numbers) and their 
• Significance; shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals, electron 
• Spin and spin quantum number
• Rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle
• Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic 
• Configuration of elements, extra stability of half, filled and completely filled orbitals

4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

• Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds
• Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.
• Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity. 
• Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: Valence Shell Electron 
• Pair Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding:
• Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance.

Molecular Orbital Theory 

• LCAOs
• Types of molecular orbitals  (bonding, antibonding)
• Sigma and pi-bonds
• Molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic the concept of bond order, bond length, bond energy
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding
• Hydrogen bonding and its applications

5. Chemical Thermodynamics

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics
• System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes

The first law of thermodynamics

•  Concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity
• Hess’s law of constant heat summation
• Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization,and solution

The second law of thermodynamics

• Spontaneity of processes; S of the universe and G of the system as criteria for spontaneity
• G (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant

6. Solutions

• Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both) the vapor 
• Pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapor pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapor pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass
• Hoff factor and its significance

7. Equilibrium

Equilibria involving physical processes

• Solid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law
• General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes

Equilibrium involving chemical processes

• Chemical equilibrium
• Equilibrium constants (Kpand Kc) and their significance, the significance of G and G in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst
• Le Chatelier’s principle

8. Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction 
• Redox reactions
• Oxidation number
• Rules for assigning oxidation number
• Balancing of redox reactions
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction
• Conductance in electrolytic solutions
• Molar conductivities and their variation with concentration: Kohlrausch’s law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells
• Different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential half - cell and cell reactions
• Emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement: Nernst equation and its applications
• Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy change: Dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel cells

9. Chemical Kinetics

• Rate of a chemical reaction
• Factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst
• Elementary and complex reactions
• Order and molecularity of reactions
• Rate law
• Rate constant and its units
• Differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions their characteristics and half-lives
• The effect of temperature on the rate of reactions
• Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation
• Collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation)

10. Surface Chemistry

Adsorption

• Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics
• Factors affecting adsorption of gasses on solids
• Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms
• Adsorption from solutions

Catalysis

• Homogeneous and heterogeneous
• Activity and selectivity of solid catalysts
• Enzyme catalysis, and its mechanism

Colloidal state

• Distinction among true solutions
• Colloids, and suspensions
• Classification of colloids - lyophilic. lyophobic; multi-molecular
• Macromolecular and associated colloids (micelles)
• Preparation and properties of colloids -Tyndall effect
• Brownian movement
• Electrophoresis
• Dialysis
• Coagulation, and flocculation: Emulsions and their characteristics

1:2 Inorganic Chemistry

1. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

• Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table
• s, p. d and f block elements
• Periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii
• Ionization enthalpy
• Electron gain enthalpy
• Valence
• Oxidation states, and chemical reactivity

2. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals

• Modes of occurrence of elements in nature minerals, ores
• Steps involved in the extraction of metals - concentration, reduction (chemical and electrolytic methods), and refining with special reference to the extraction of Al, Cu, Zn, and Fe
• Thermodynamic and electrochemical principles involved in the extraction of metals

3. Hydrogen

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table
• Isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen
• Physical and chemical properties of water and heavy water
• Structure, preparation, reactions, and uses of hydrogen peroxide
• Classification of hydrides - ionic, covalent, and interstitial
• Hydrogen as a fuel

4. S-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

Group -1 and 2 Elements

• General introduction, electronic configuration, and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements
• anomalous properties of the first element of each group
• diagonal relationships
• Preparation and properties of some important compounds - sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate
• Industrial uses of lime, limestone
• Plaster of Paris and cement
• Biological significance of Na, K. Mg, and Ca

5. P-Block Elements 

            Group -13 to Group 18 Elements

• Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical
• properties of elements across the periods and down the groups
• unique behavior of the first element in each group. 

            Groupwise study of the p - block elements Group -13

• Preparation, properties, and uses of boron and aluminum
• Structure, properties, and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminum chloride, and alums. 

            Group -14

• The tendency for catenation
• Structure, properties, and uses of Allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites, and silicones

            Group -15

• Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus
• Allotropic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure, and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine, and phosphorus halides, (PCl3. PCl5)
• Structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.

            Group -16

• Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of ozone
• Allotropic forms of Sulphur; Preparation, properties, structures, and uses of sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation)
• Structures of oxoacids of Sulphur

            Group-17

• Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrochloric acid
• Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides
• Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens

            Group-18

• Occurrence and uses of noble gasses
• Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon

6. D and F Block Elements

           Transition Elements

• General introduction
• electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics
• general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation 
• Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4

           Inner Transition Elements

1. Lanthanide 

• Electronic configuration
• oxidation states, and lanthanide contraction.

2. Actinoids

• Electronic configuration and oxidation states 

7. Coordination Compounds

• Introduction to coordination compounds
• Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity. Chelation
• IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism
• BondingValence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory
• Color and magnetic properties
• Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

8. Environmental Chemistry

1. Environmental pollution

• Atmospheric, water, and soil

2. Atmospheric pollution

• Tropospheric and Stratospheric

3. Tropospheric pollutants - Gaseous pollutants

• Oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur, hydrocarbons
• their sources, harmful effects, and prevention
• Greenhouse effect and Global warming: Acid rain

4. Particulate pollutants

• Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist
• their sources, harmful effects, and prevention

5. Stratospheric pollution

• Formation and breakdown of ozone
• Depletion of the ozone layer - its mechanism and effects

6. Water Pollution

• Major pollutants such as. pathogens, organic wastes, and chemical pollutants
• Their harmful effects and prevention

7. Soil pollution

• Major pollutants such as; Pesticides (insecticides. herbicides and fungicides)
• their harmful effects, and prevention
• Strategies to control environmental pollution

1:3 Organic Chemistry

1. Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds

Purification 

• Crystallization
• Sublimation
• Distillation
• differential extraction, and chromatography
• principles and their applications

Qualitative analysis

• Detection of nitrogen
• sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens

Quantitative analysis

• (basic principles only)
• Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus.

Calculations of empirical formula and molecular formulae

• Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis

2. Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

• Tetravalency of carbon
• Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p)
• Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur
• Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)

• Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic
• Free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions
• Stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond

• Inductive effect
• Electromeric effect, resonance
• Hyperconjugation

Common types of organic reactions

• Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement

3. Hydrocarbons

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature
• general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions.

Alkanes

• Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane)
• Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes

Alkenes 

• Geometrical isomerism
• Mechanism of electrophilic addition
• addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's and peroxide effect)
• Ozonolysis and polymerization

Alkynes

• Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen
• Halogens
• Water and hydrogen halides
• Polymerization

Aromatic hydrocarbons

• Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity
• Mechanism of electrophilic substitution
• Halogenation, nitration

Friedel

• Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene

4. Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

• General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions
• Nature of C-X bond
• Mechanisms of substitution reactions. Uses
• Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT

5. Oxygen Compounds Containing Oxygen 

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

1. Alcohols

• Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols mechanism of dehydration

2. Phenols

• Acidic nature
• electrophilic substitution reactions
• halogenation. nitration and sulphonation
• Reimer - Tiemann reaction

3. Ethers

• Structure

Aldehyde and Ketones

• Nature of carbonyl group
• Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group
• relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones
• Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3, and its derivatives)
• Grignard reagent; oxidation
• reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen) the acidity of - hydrogen. aldol condensation
• Cannizzaro reaction
• Haloform reaction
• Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.

6. Oxygen Compounds Containing Nitrogen

• General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses

            Amines

• Nomenclature, classification structure
• basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
• their basic character

            Diazonium Salts

• Importance in synthetic organic chemistry

7. Polymers

• General introduction and classification of polymers
• General methods of polymerization
• Addition and condensation, copolymerization
• Natural and synthetic, rubber and vulcanization
• Some important polymers with emphasis on their monomers
• Uses – polythene, nylon, polyester, and bakelite

8. Biomolecules

            Carbohydrates

• Classification; aldoses and ketoses
• monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)

PROTEINS

• Elementary Idea of -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides
• Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary
• quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes

VITAMINS - Classification and functions

NUCLEIC ACIDS

• Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA
• Biological functions of nucleic acids

9. Chemistry in Everyday Life

• Chemicals in Medicines 
• Analgesics
• Tranquilizers
• Antiseptics
• Disinfectants
• Antimicrobials
• anti-fertility drugs
• antibiotics, antacids
• Antihistamines -their meaning and common examples.

           Chemicals in food

• Preservatives
• artificial sweetening agents
• common examples

          Cleansing Agents

• Soaps and detergents
• cleansing action

10. Principles Related to Practical Chemistry

• Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds
• Detection of the following functional groups
• hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds
• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform
• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+ , Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+ , NH4 + Anions- CO3 2− , S 2- ,SO4 2− , NO3- , NO2- , Cl- , Br- , I- ( Insoluble salts excluded)

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments

• Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
• Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base
• Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
•  Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature 

1. SETS, Relations, and Functions

• Sets and their representation
• Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties
• Power set; Relation, Type of relations, equivalence relations, functions
• One-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions

2. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

• Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals
• Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib and their representation in a plane
• Argand diagram, algebra of complex number, modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number triangle inequality
• Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions
• Relations between roots and coefficient, nature of roots the formation of quadratic equations with given roots

3. Matrix and Determinants 

• Matrices
• Algebra of matrices
• Type of matrices
• Determinants, and matrices of order two and three
• Properties of determinants
• Evaluation of determinants
• Area of triangles using determinants
• Adjoint, and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and elementary transformations
• Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using determinants and matrices

4. Permutations and Combinations

• The fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as section
• Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications

5. Mathematical Inductions

• Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications

6. Binomial Theorem and its Simple Applications

• Binomial theorem for a positive integral index
• General term and middle term
• properties of Binomial coefficients, and simple applications

7. Sequence and Series

• Arithmetic and Geometric progressions
• Insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two given numbers
• Relation between A.M and G.M sum up to n terms of special series; Sn, Sn2, Sn3
• Arithmetico-Geometric progression

8. Limit, Continuity and Differentiability

• Real–valued functions
• Algebra of functions, polynomials
• Rational
• Trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions, inverse function
• Graphs of simple functions
• Limits, continuity, and differentiability
• Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions
• Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions
• derivatives of order up to two, Rolle’s and Lagrange's Mean value Theorems
• Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic-Increasing and decreasing functions
• Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normal

9. Integral Calculus

• Integral as an antiderivative
• Fundamental Integrals involving algebraic
• trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions
• Integrations by substitution, by parts, and by partial functions
• Integration using trigonometric identities
• Evaluation of simple integrals of the type ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2+𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎2− 𝑥 2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2− 𝑥 2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 ,∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎𝑥2+ 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , ∫ (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , ∫ (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 √𝑎𝑥2+ 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 ∫ √𝑎 2 ± 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 , ∫√𝑥 2 − 𝑎 2 𝑑𝑥 Integral as limit of a sum
• The fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals
• Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form

10. Coordinate Geometry

            Straight line

• Various forms of equations of a line
• Intersection of lines
• Angles between two lines
• Conditions for concurrence of three lines
• The distance of a point form a line
• Equations of internal and external by sectors of angles between two lines
• Coordinate of the centroid, orthocentre, and circumcentre of a triangle
• Equation of the family of lines passing through the point of intersection of two lines

1. Awareness of persons, buildings, materials

• Objects
• Texture related to Architecture and Built-environment
• Visualizing three dimensional objects from two-dimensional drawings
• Visualizing. Different sides of three-dimensional objects. Analytical Reasoning Mental Ability (Visual. Numerical and Verbal)

2. Three dimensional- perception

• Understanding and appreciation of scale and proportions of objects
• Building forms and elements
• Color texture harmony and contrast
• Design and drawing of geometrical or abstract shapes and patterns in pencil
• Transformation of forms both 2D and 3D union 
• Subtraction rotation
• Development of surfaces and volumes
• Generation of Plan,
• Elevations and 3D views of objects
• Creating two-dimensional and three-dimensional compositions using given shapes and forms

1. General Awareness 

• General knowledge questions and knowledge about prominent cities
• Development issues
• Government programs, etc

2. Social Sciences

• The idea of nationalism
• Nationalism in India
• Pre-modern world
• 19th -century global economy
• Colonialism, and colonial cities
• Industrialization, resources, and development
• Types of resources
• Agriculture
• Water
• Mineral resources
• Industries
• National economy
• Human Settlements Power-sharing
• Federalism
• Political parties
• Democracy
• the constitution of India Economic development- economic sectors, globalization the concept of development
• Poverty
• Population structure
• social exclusion, and inequality
• Urbanization
• Rural development
• Colonial cities

3. Thinking Skills

• Comprehension (unseen passage)
• map reading skills
• Scale
• Distance
• Direction, area, etc.
• Critical reasoning
• Understanding of charts, graphs, and tables
• Basic concepts of statistics and quantitative reasoning